Introduction
One
of the most considered developed phylum group is the Basidiomycota among the
fungi consisting among the others of the mushroom, toadstools, puffballs and
also stinkhorns. The rust and smut fungi are also included in the Basidiomycota
although it is considered to be lower within the group. They are considered as
plant pathogens that can cause millions of losses to annual crop production. The
root disease pathogens that caused serious damages to many shade and other tree
crops are also included. There are many mushroom that are edible and that
contribute to the food industry. The Basidiomycota produces sexual spores
called basidiospores which is usually 4 in number on a structure called the
basidium and it may be formed fruiting body called the basidiocarp.
Objective
1. To identify the type of specimens in under the phylum
Basidiomycota under microscope.
2. To observe the disease cycles of various basidiomycetes.
3. To observe the type of disease caused by Basidiomycota
on live specimens.
Result and Discussion
A.
Plant Disease Specimens
The specimen was
examined and recorded the following symptoms:
1.
Horse hair blight,
Marasmius equicrinus.
It is a minor problem found on stems of rubber, cocoa
and etc. There is a presence of black hair-like rhizomorphs.
2. White thread
blight, Marasmiellus scandens.
Infected stems of plantation crops such as in cocoa
and fruit trees crops. There is a white rhizomorph on the stems.
3.Panama disease or banana wilt, Fusarium oxyporum F.sp. Cubense.
The disease can attack young or old banana plant. The
symptom can cause wilt on young banana plant. When the stem is cut opne, there
is a black and brown colour in the stem.
4.1.
Sooty mould
disease, Tripospermum sp. Capnodium
sp. Limacinula sp.
The mould disease can cover up the mango leaf and in
result prevent the tree to undergo photosynthesis and eventually wilt.
5. “Bintik daun
antraknos Mangga”. Colletotricum gloesporioides.
Often found serious disease on mango trees. The
younger plants can easily be affected compare to the older trees. Forms spots
of brown colour on the fruits.
6. Narrow brown spot
of paddy, Cercospora oryzae.
The symptoms that is found is the presence of narrow
brown spots on the paddy leaves.
7. Citrus scab, Elsinoe fawcetti.
The presence of corky spot on the infected leaves
which is looks like shredded and stunted growth.
8. Mouldy rot of rubber, Ceratocystis fimbriata.
Symptoms can be seen on the tapping area where there
is spots of notched and the fungi can be seen as greyish white in colour.
9. Bird eye spot of
rubber, Helminthosporium hevea.
The symptoms are falling of leaves, round spots
near the veins on the leaves.
10. Back mildew, Meliola mangifera.
Presence of black mildew on the leaves with soot fungi
on the leaves.
11. Leaf blight of
maize/corn, Drechslera maydis.
Symptoms are leaf blight that is infected in maize
plant where the blight colour is golden yellow to pale yellow.
12. Powdery mildew of
rubber, Oidium heveae.
The leaves easily fall off and the leaves looks
like it rolls and has a black tip.
13. “Keratan
Basiodiocarps”
14. Brown spot of
paddy, Drechslera oryzae.
Symptoms found are brown spots that appears on the
leaves and also the panicles of the paddy plant.
15. Blast
of paddy/ Rice blast, Pyricularia oryzae.
Consist
of spots of molds on the leaves which is brown in colour.
16. False
smut of paddy, Ustilaginoidea virens.
The
fungi looks like a ball shaped with the spores that is yellow and green
panicle. Eventually, the panicle becomes light and breaks when old.
17. Sigatoka
disease of banana, Mycosphaerella
musicola.
Symptoms
are the leaves has lesion which is yellow in colour then turn brown with lines
as it grows older.
18. Sheath
blight of paddy, Rhizoxtonia solani.
The
blight is normally forms spots on the leaves of the paddy plant. The colour to
this blight id greyish green.
19. South American Leaf Blight, Microcylus
ulei.
There
is symptoms of black spots on the leaves and spreads to the edge of the leaves
as it grows older.
20. Foot
rot, Sclerotium rolsfiii.
The
symptoms happens on ground such as in chili, tomato and other Solanaceae
family. It can be seen on the bottom stem of the plant where rotting happens.
B. Slides
1. Phoma
sp.
2. Botryodiplodia
sp.
3. Saccharomyces cerevesiae
4. Collettotrichum gleosporiodes
5. Curvularia sp.
6. Colletotrichum capsici
7. Cercospora arachidicola
8. Stages in Puccinia graminis
caused wheat rust.
Stage 0: Spermogonium and receptive hyphae on barberry
leaf.
Stage 1: Aecium and eaciospores on barberry leaf.
Stage 2: Uredium and uredospores on wheat
stem/leaves. Stage that shows the rust symptoms.
Stage 3: Telium and teliospores on wheat stems/leaves
The basidiospores are formed in stage 4 on wheat and
this subsequently infects barberry.
9. Polyporales
10. Penicillium
11. Rhizoctonia sp.
12. Sclerotium
sp.
Based on the observation regarding basidiomycota, we were able to identify the characteristics of each of the organisms. Some of the basidiomycota causes rust and also smut and other symptoms towards certain plant species. We were able to study the symptoms that causes the disease. Lastly, we were also able to know the stages in the Puccinia graminis which causes wheat rust. The wheat rust consist of 4 stages which each stages in different form the other.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the diseases that is caused by the phylum of basidiomycota can be identified by looking through the symptoms that is visible on the plant. In the live samples, the disease called horse hair blight is caused by Marasmius scandens. The symptoms that can be seen through the live samples are the disease are black and hair-like rhizomorphs which is a minor probelm on stem of rubber, cocoa and so on. Other than that, basidiomycota which causes Puccinia graminis was also observe in stages which is from stage 0 to stage 3.
Reference
Britannica, T. E.
(n.d.). Basidiomycota. Retrieved from Britannica:
https://www.britannica.com/science/Basidiomycota
Taylor,
T. N. (2015). Learn more about Basidiomycota. Retrieved from
ScienceDirect:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/basidiomycota